The History of FORTRAN

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Interviews with the original developers of FORTRAN back in the 1950s.

other source: http://www.fortranlib.com/FORTRAN-1982.wmv

Philosophy: Kant (Prolegomena)

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I was just reading the author’s introduction to “Immanuel Kant: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics” in the book “The Great Works of Philosophy” by Robert Paul Wolf [1]. I want to share the last section (pp. 347-348) of this 3-page intro:

“…If the  mind imposes its own subjective forms on nature, then the nature it knows cannot be a realm of things as they are in themselves; it must be merely a realm of things as they appear to us. In short, our knowledge must be limited to appearances; reality is forever obscured from our view. Hence metaphysics, the “science of reality,” must be an empty discipline, a mere pretension and illusion to be refuted rather than encouraged.
Thus Kant’s philosophy is at one and the same time optimistic and pessimistic. He reassures us that our mathematics and science is valid knowledge, but he cautions us that it is valid only for appearances, not for reality itself. In the end, the transcendental philosophy is a lesson in intellectual humility, for it teaches us that the human mind lacks the power to penetrate the veil of appearance and grasp the inner nature of independent reality.”

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Online Security: Rules to stay safe online

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Some basic rules of thumb to use when online to increase your safety online, ordered in order of

  • General
    • Never open or reply to any email from an unknown. Consider it suspicious.
    • Never click a link given by a stranger or even by a friend if you’ve not asked for it.
  • Browser related
    • Disable redirects (links might redirect you to fake pages!)
    • Use HTTPS instead of plain HTTP
    • Block JavaScript & Java
    • Block Ads
    • Block 3rd parties in web pages (most of which are hidden)
    • Control cross-site requests
    • Erase internet history, private data, cookies
    • Erase Flash Local Shared Objects (LSO), also known as long-term Super-Cookies

Note: Pages might not load well enough with the above; you will often need to allow some services & parties, but at least its under your control!

  • Chatting
    • Follow the “General”
    • Use a good Instant Messenger
    • Use encryption

And remember, a computer is as smart as its user is & secure as cautious its user is!

Disclaimer: Please be warned that following the above rules increases your online security but it is by no means guaranteed to be completely safe! As a matter of fact, there’s nothing as being completely safe online!

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last update: 2013-09-15

Useful Unix/Linux commands

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$ indicates terminal command
# indicates a comment
Bold indicates “not installed by default”
$ lsusb     #list USB devices
$ lspci     #list all PCI devi
$ startx    #initialize an X session
$ more      #filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. (less gives more advanced).
$ less      #opposite of more; allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement.
$ stty      #change and print terminal line settings
  $ stty size # prints terminal size

File commands

$ locate            #find files by name (for newbies I suggest the gui catfish -requires installation)
$ find              #search for files in a directory hierarchy
$ ls                #list directory contents
$ cd                #change directory
$ pwd               #print name of current/working directory
$ cp                #copy files and directories
$ rm                #remove files or directories
$ rmdir             #remove empty directories
$ file foo.format   #extracts info about file and what software it was written with; helpful in the case of having forgot which software was used to produce such a file

System info

$ uname
$ df                         #report file system disk space usage
                             #e.g; df or df /home
$ man                        #interface to the on-line reference manuals
$ free                       #Display amount of free and used memory in the system
                             #e.g; free -mt (m for MB & t for totals line)
$ uptime                     #tell how long the system has been running.
$ finger                     #user information lookup program
$ w                          #show who is logged on and what they are doing.
$ whoami                     #print effective userid
$ cat /proc/meminfo          #memory info
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo          #cpu info
$ lsb_release -a             #print (a: all ) distribution-specific information
$ last -x | grep shutdown    #show listing of last 10 logged in users; you can pipe this to the tail to read the last n instances.
                             #e.g; for 10 instances: last -x | grep shutdown | tail -n 10
$ last -x | grep reboot      #show listing of last logged in users
$ sudo shutdown -P hh:mm     #shutdown & poweroff (-P) @ hh:mm

Processes

$ uname
$ ps               #report a snapshot of the current processes.
$ top              #display Linux tasks
$ htop             #interactive process viewer based on top
$ watch            #execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen
                   #e.g; watch -n 5 free -m
$ powertop         #program to analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops
$ kill pid         #send a signal to a process
$ killall proc     #kill processes by name
$ pidof program    #find the process ID of a running program

Some useful terminal shortcuts

Ctrl+C #halt the current command
Ctrl+Z #pause command
$ fg #resume paused command in foreground bg resume paused command in background
Ctrl+D #logout of current session (similar to exit)
Ctrl+W #erase last word before cursor
Ctrl+U #erases the whole line
Ctrl+R #type to bring up a recent command
I hope this list turns out to be useful to you 🙂

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last update: 2014-11-03

Take care of your eyes at the screen with Redshift

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Before Redshit I was using f.lux [1] which seems to be broken in Ubuntu’s Unity. I searched for an alternative & found positive reviews about Redshift, which is inspired by f.lux.
By default, redshift fetches your approximate location using the internet (geoclue method) & uses it. if you prefer to manually set it, check the help. And if you, like me, prefer it to use a preset location &/or other configuration (without having to do it every time you run your system), create a text file named redshift.config under your ~/.config/ directory. You can do this from the terminal:
cd ~/.config/
gedit redshift.config
In this file, copy & edit the content below: 

;This is a configuration file for the screen color temperature adjuster Redshift.

;Copy this file to your ~/.config/ directory for redshift to use.
;All lines starting with a semicolon areignored (e.g, adjustment-method).
;To change your location, edit the lat & lon numbers. If these two lines are set to be ignored, redshift will fetch your location using the internet.

; Global settings
[redshift]
temp-day=5700
temp-night=3500
transition=1
gamma=0.8:0.7:0.8
location-provider=manual
;adjustment-method=

; The location provider and adjustment method settings are in their own sections.
[manual]
lat=-22.871114
lon=-43.202591
Make sure to edit the numbers in the last two lines to correspond to your location, before saving & exiting the editor.
This way, every time redshift runs, it uses this configuration file. If you want it to automatically run on startup, add it to your Startup Applications (command: gtk-redshift for the gui & redshift for the cli).
Unlike f.lux, redshift only has a “toggle” option in the gui. The toggle toggles redshift on/off in case you need to. Other preferences are edited from within the configuration file or from the terminal.
 I’d like to thank the the code author, Jon Lund Steffensen, for making this tool; It is, to my knowledge, the only alternative to f.lux for Linux.
That’s basically it for now. May your eyes stress less while you work!

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